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Unit 21 Karl Marx 一、教学目标与要求 通过本单元教学，使学生进一步掌握过去完成时的用法，并复习一般过去 时态。通过学习马克思如何学习外语来了解外语学习的重要性及这位伟人极富顽 强毅力的一面，学习这位伟人的科学精神。学生能够用自己的语言，描述有关马 克思生平的一些情况和学习的务实态度，并从中受到教育和启发。 二、教学重点与难点 1．重点词汇 force；rapid；praise；encourage；have a talk with；come across；makeprogress；before long；move on；keep on（doing something）； translate...into... 2．重要句型 1）In 1849，he went to England and made London the base for his revo－lutionary work．2）He made such rapid progress that before long he began to write articles inEnglish for an American newspaper．3）His English was so good that Engels wrote him a let－ter and praised him for it．4）He found it important to study the situation in Russia． 3．语法 掌握过去完成时的用法；复习一般过去时：1）Marx had learnt some Englishbefore he got to England．2）After he arrived in England，Marx worked hard to improve hisEnglish．3）When all his money had gone，Marx had to leave his house in London． 4．日常交际用语 谈论语言学习（Talking about language study）：1）How are you get－ting on with your English lessons？2）My grammar is improving，but I find idioms and usefulexpressions hard to learn．3）Which do you find easiest／ most difficult—listening，speaking，reading or writing？4）If you have a problem with...，you should... 三、课型 （一）对话课 Ⅰ．教具 录音机，投影仪。 Ⅱ．课堂教学设计 1．教师通过以下步骤导入本课： 向学生提出下列问题：I understand that you all like to learn English and all of you havefound it interesting to learn the English language．Now tell me what you have found hard tolearn in English，listening，speaking，reading or writing？Or other things like verbs，sen－tence structure，spelling and pronunciation？ 2．准备放对话录音。借助投影片打出以下听前提问：1）What does Yang Mei find hardto learn in English？ 2）When the man met the woodcutter the second time，what was thewoodcutter doing？放录音一至两遍，请学生回答上述问题， 教师予以必要订正。 Key：1）Yang Mei finds idioms and useful expressions hard to learn．2）The woodcutterwas cutting the tree up． 根据本课对话内容，教师再提出一些问题，检查学生的理解程度，并对某 些问题展开讨论。 1）Yang Mei finds idioms and useful expressions hard to learn．Do you agree？Pleasegive examples to show why you agree or disagree．2）Did the man really understand what thewoodcutter had said？According to the dialogue，why do you think the man got puzzled aboutthe expression“cut the tree up”？3）What did the woodcutter really mean by saying“I’mcutting this tree up”？4） Why do you think Sara tells this story to Yang Mei？What does hewant to show by using this example？ 3．再次放对话录音，学生跟读。将学生分为两人一组练习对话。数分钟后， 请两、三组同学到前面表演。 教师指导学生归纳在本课中有关谈论语言学习的常用语句（见日常交际用 语部分）。为学生设计一些在英语学习上遇到的困难，启发同学运用这部分语言 编出对话。 情景 1：Someone has a lot of difficulty in spelling，he just can’t spell the words correct－ly．Sometimes he adds some letters，other times he misses some letters．He always makesmistakes in spelling and he is very worried．Make a dialogue between this person and hisfriend and try to give him some advice． 情景 2：Someone has a lot of difficulty in pronunciation．Though she tries hard，she justcan not pronounce the words correctly．She knows that the teacher on the tape does not readEnglish in the way she does，but she does not know how to improve her pronunciation．Make a dialogue and give her some suggestions． 经数分钟练习后，教师可请几位同学到前面进行表演，教师予以讲评。 4．要求学生以伐木工为第一人称，讲述这个故事。教师可给出首句：One day when I wasworking in the woods a stranger passed by． Model： One day when I was working in the woods a stranger passed by．He seemed to be inter－ested in what I was doing and asked，“What are you doing？”I told him that I was cutting thetree down．The next day when I was cutting the tree into pieces so that I could have somefirewood，the same stranger passed by again，asking me the same question．When I told himI was cutting the tree up，he couldn’t understand it and went away，puzzled． 当堂要求学生完成，如时间允许，可请几位同学朗读自己的短文，教师予 以讲评。 5．布置作业 1）预习第 82、83课；2）完成练习册中安排的练习。 （二）阅读理解课（Ⅰ） Ⅰ．教具 录音机，投影仪。 Ⅱ．课堂教学设计 1．检查生词及短语。 2．教师通过以下提问导入正课：1）What do you already know about Karl Marx？（注）2）What do you expect to learn about Karl Marx from this unit？ 板书学生所提及的内容，最后小结在课文中所出现的学生提及的内容。 3．教师给出读前提问：1）What languages did Marx learn at school？ 2）How old was hewhen he began to learn Russia？ 教师给学生数分钟，要求学生快速阅读课文。之后请同学回答上述问题。 Key：1） When he was at school he learned French and English．2） When he began tolearn Russia he was already in his fifties． 4．放课文录音，学生跟读一至两遍。教师就课文内容提问，检查学生的理 解程度（可参阅练习册中所列出的问题） 5．教师用投影仪打出以下表格，学生利用课文中所提供的信息填写有关马 克思刻苦学习外语的内容。 Say something about how Karl Marx learned foreign languages using the informationfrom the reading passage： 学生先在小组内交流并相互启发、补充，然后请学生在班上交流。 6．布置作业 1）根据以上表格，准备讲马克思刻苦学习外语的故事；2） 完成练习册中所安排的练习。 注：以下关于马克思的背景资料仅供参考，教师决定是否将其压缩并介绍 给学生。 Karl Marx was born on May 5，1818 in Trier，a city in the west of Germany．He en－tered Bonn University in 1835 and went to Berlin University to continue his studies in 1837．In April 1841， he received his doctor’s degree and in October the next year he became the ed－itor of the Rheinische Zeitung published in Cologne，and there he began his attack on the oldsociety．Because of his revolutionary activities he was forced to leave his homeland．Hemoved to France and then to Belgium．In April 1848，he returned to Cologne with Engels tojoin the revolution directly．After the 1848 revolution failed，he was expelled from Ger－ many．He went to Paris， but was soon forced to leave France．In August 1849，he went toLondon with his family and spent most of the rest of his life there． Marx became one of the leading spirits of the International Working Men’s Association（the first International） when it was first founded in September 1864． Together with Engles，Marx published the Communist Manifesto in 1848．His most im－portant theoretical work was Capital．The first volume was published in 1867． Marx was not only a great leader but also a man of great talent for languages． He couldread all the leading European languages and write in three： German，French and English．Hesaid that a foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life． Marx died on March 14，1883 in London at the age of 65．After his death，Engels editedhis unpublished writings． 阅读理解课（Ⅱ） Ⅰ．教具 录音机，投影仪。 Ⅱ．课堂教学设计 1．通过提问，温习第一部分课文内容：1） In which country was Karl Marx born？2） Whywas he forced to leave his own country？3） Why did he start working hard at English？4） Whydid Engels write him a letter？5） When did he begin to learn Russian？6） Do you rememberthe advice he gave on how to learn a foreign language？ Please give an example． 2．请学生讲马克思刻苦学习外语的故事。 3．准备阅读More information about Karl Marx。教师给出读前提问： 1）When did he re－ceive his doctor’s degree？2） What book did he write together with Engels？ 教师给学生数分钟，要求学生快速阅读课文。之后请同学回答上述问题。 Key：1）He received his doctor’s degree in April，1841．2）He wrote The CommunistManifesto together with Angels． 4．给学生数分钟做第 83课所提供的Note making。根据两篇课文所提供的 信息和第课中的Note making，学生用自己组织的语言介绍卡尔马克思。 补充提示（用投影片打出）：1）When and where was Karl Marx born？ 2）What was hisnative language？3） When did he receive his doctor’s degree？ 4） Did he begin writing articlesfor a newspaper or not？5） What did he write about in his articles？6） Why was he forced toleave his homeland when he was young？ 7） What countries did he go to and when did he getto England？8）When did he meet Engels and what did they write together？9） Was Marxgood at learning foreign languages or not？10）Can you give some examples to show howMarx learned foreign languages？ 数分钟后，学生在班上交流。教师予以讲评。 5．布置作业 1）将两课内容结合，口头描述马克思；2）完成练习册中所 安排的练习。 （三）语言训练课 Ⅰ．教具 投影仪。 Ⅱ．课堂教学设计 1．教师检查课文复述。 2．教师从本单元词语中选择部分常见词语，配以例句介绍给学生。要求学 生反复练习这些例句，并请同学造句，教师予以讲评订正。 词语：of one’s own；come across；cut down；cut up；make progress； force；beforelong；move on；rapid；praise；encourage；keep on； tranalate...into...；close 例句：1）The students have opinions of their own．2）It’s not necessary for you to lookup in the dictionary every new word you come across while reading．3） Too many trees arebeing cut down in that area．4）They cut down the tree and cut it up for firewood．5）Theypractise speaking English whenever possible and so far have made much progress．6） The po－lice had to use force when they took him to the police station．7）I shall finish the work be－fore long．8）I knew Smith long before I knew you．9） After three weeks in Hong Kong， wemoved on to Japan．10） The school promised rapid results in the teaching of languages．11）Many people praised him for his success．12）The teacher encouraged him to try again．13）He kept on wiping his eyes with the back of his hands．14） Could you translate this sen－tence into Chinese？15） There is a bus stop close to the school． 3．根据本单元所提供的内容，按照下面年代表，简述马克思的一生： 1） on May 5th， 1818____ 2）in April， 1841____ 3） in 1842____ 4）during the 1840’s____ 5） in 1849____ 6） in 1851____ 7） in 1853____ 8） by 1862____ 9） in the 1870’s____ 4．书面表达练习 专题描写：改进英语学习 （教师可根据范文内容，口头为学生提供短文大意。） 英文提示（用投影片打出）：1）force oneself to do something；2）of one’s own；3）comeacross；4） translate...into...；5） keep on doing something；6） before long；7） make rapidprogress；8）encourage 将首句给出：Yang Mei wanted to improve her English and asked her teacher for advice． 七、八分钟后，请几位同学朗读自己的短文，教师予以讲评。 Model： Yang Mei wanted to improve her English and asked her teacher for advice． The teachertold her that she should force herself to do a lot of reading and asked her whether she had agood English－Chinese dictionary of her own．Yang Mei said no and the teacher advised her tobuy one．Yang Mei did so and she chose to do some easy reading．When she came across anew word，she would try to guess its meaning first．If she failed，she would use her dictio－nary．Sometimes she tried to translate the stories into Chinese，but her teacher told her thatit was not mecessary．Yang Mei kipt on reading for some time．Before long，she made rapidprogress，So far，she has read over 150 short stories．She felt greatly encouraged and shehas decided to read an English novel in the original（原文）． 5．布置作业 1）预习第 22单元；2）完成练习册中安排的练习。 四、难句分析 1．How are you getting on with your English lessons？你的英语学得怎样？ How are yon getting on（with your work／ studies／business，etc．）？是一 个常用的交际用语，用来询问对方的生活、工作、学习、生意等的情况。如果询问 生活情况或健康状况，只要用 How are you getting on？（你生活过得怎么 样？）如果询问工作、学习的进展情况，则在这个问句后加上介词with／in的短 语。问句中的谓语动词常用进行时态。例如： How are you getting on in your new job？你的新工作怎么样？ How are you getting on with your studies？你学习得怎样？ 对于这类问题可以据实回答，如 It’s getting on well／ nicely／ badly...（或 I’m getting onwell／ nicely／ badly with...）但是在回答后要说声“Thank you” 表示感谢别人的关怀。 get on还有其他许多用法。请看以下例句： She got on her bicycle and rode off．她骑上车子走了。（上车、船等） You can’t get on without money in this world．没有钱在这世上可没法过。 （过日子、生活） We got on together like old friends．我们相处得像老朋友似的。（相处得好） It’s getting on． We’d better go home．天太晚了，我们得走了。（时间） 晚了 2．My grammar is improving， but I find idioms and useful expressions hard to learn．我的语法有提高，但我觉得习惯用语和有用的短语很难学。 find作“发现”、“发觉”解时，常跟复合结构（即宾语+宾语补足语）。本 句中的宾语是 idioms and useful expressions，宾语补足语是 hard to learn，常用形 容词充当宾语补语（如本句的 hard）。 复合结构中还可有名词、分词、介词短语等。例如： You’ll find it a difficult book．你会感觉这是一本很难懂的书。（名词） We found the lesson boring．我们觉得这堂课令人厌烦。（现在分词） He found the door closed．他发现门关上了。（过去分词） They found him already in the hands of a doctor．他们发现他已经在医生的看 护下。（介词短语） 3．A man was walking through a wood and he came across a woodcutter．他走 过树林，偶然遇到一位樵夫。 come across的意思是“碰到”。例如： I’ve just come across a beautiful poem in this book．我在这本书中发现一首 优美的诗。 I came across Peter in the street the other day．那天我在街上碰巧遇到了彼得。 come across还有：“讲得清楚明白”的意思。例如： The professor spoke for a long time but I’m afraid his meaning did not come across．那教授讲了半天，但我想他没把意思讲明白。 4．He made such rapid progress that before long he began to write articles in English foran American newspaper．他进步得非常快，不久他就开始用英文给一 家报纸写文章了。 such...that作“如此……以至”解，连接一个表示结束的状语从句。such是 形容词，它所修饰的名词可以是单数或复数可数名词，也可以是不可数名词； 如果是单数可数名词，前面需要加不定冠词 a或 an。因此 such...that的句型可分 为以下三种： A．such+a（n）（adj．）+单数可数名词+ that clause He was such an honest boy that he was praised by the teacher．他非常诚实，因 而受到老师赞扬。 Jimmy made such a noise that his fther got very angry．吉米大吵大闹，致使 他父亲大发雷霆。 B．such（+adj．）+复数可数名词+that clause He had such long arms that he could almost touch the ceiling．他胳膊很长，几 乎能碰到天花板。 They are such interesting books that I want to read them once more．这些书非 常有趣，我想再读一遍。 C．such（+adj．）+不可数名词+that clause He made such progress that he did well in the mid－term exam．他进步很快， 期中考试取得了很好的成绩。 The firefighter showed such great courage that he was highly praised by the govern－ment．这位消防队员表现出极大的勇气，因此受到了政府的高度赞扬。 5．In fact，his English in one of these articles was so good that Engels wrote him a letterand praised him for it．事实上，那些文章中有一篇他的英文写得很好， 恩格斯为此曾写信赞扬他。 so...that也作“如此……以至”解，连接一个表示结果的状语从句。so...that 与 such…that的意思和句法作用相同，但是因为 so（adv．）和 such（adj．）的 词类不同，所以 so...that和 such...that的句子结构也不同。试比较： so+adj．／adv．+that clause（so后跟形容词或副词） such（a／an）+n．+that clause（such后跟名词） It was so cold that we did not want to go out．It was such a cold day that we did notwant to go out．天太冷了，我们都不想出去。 The play was so interesting that I went to see it several times．／This was such an in－teresting play that I went to see it several times．这个话剧十分有趣，所以 我去看过好几次。 6．However，he went on to explain that he was not too sure about two things： thegrammar and some of the idioms．不过，他接着说明，在语法和某些习惯用语 方面他还是不太有把握。 be sure about／of的意思是“确信”、“有把握”，后跟名词、代词，表示某 人对客观事物有肯定的认识和判断。例如： I am sure of his success．我确信他会成功。 He lives in this building but I’m not sure about the room number．他住在这栋 楼里，但是房间号码我不太清楚。 be sure后除了跟 about／ of介词短语外，还可以跟 that／whether／where等 引起的从句，表示某人“确信／肯定”某事的意思。例如： I am sure（that）I can run faster then you．我确信我比你跑得快。 I’m not sure where I left my notebook．我不能确定我把笔记本丢在什么地 方了。 此外，be sure to do与 be sure of doing在意思上有区别。 be sure to do表示： 肯定要做……；be sure of doing表示：（某人）感觉肯定要做，……（但事实 未必如此）。例如： Manchester are sure to win；the other team haven’t got a chance．曼彻斯特 队肯定要赢，另一个队连一点希望都没有。 When the game started Jack was quite sure of winning．But after 15 minutes he began tolose confidence．比赛开始时杰克感觉肯定要赢。但过了 15分钟后，他开 始失去信心了。 7．In the years that followed， Marx kept on studying English and using it．在 随后的几年中，马克思继续不断地学习和使用英语。 keep on doing sth．的意思是“继续做某事”（=continue／ go on doing sth．）例如： Although it started raining，we kept on working．尽管下起雨来了，我们仍然 继续干活。 He kept on talking and laughing when the teacher came into the room．老师走 进教室后，他还在说说笑笑。 本课所学的 keep on doing sth．和以前学的 keep doing sth．在意思和用法上 都相同，都含有“重复和继续”的意思，常可以通用，但相对而言， keep on doing sth．在语气上较强一些，强调动作的不断反复。例如： I have learned about 1000 words，but I keep（on） forgetting some of them． 我已经学会了大约 1000个单词，可是有些我老是记不住。 Why do they keep（on） laughing all the time？他们为什么老是笑个不停？ 在表示“连续不断的动作或持续状态”时，常用 keep doing sth．；而在强 调“继续干某事”（尽管动作是断断续续的）时，常用 keep on doing sth．，例 如： You should not keep thinking about it．你不应该老想着这件事。 He didn’t lose hope，and kept on trying．他没有灰心，而是继续努力地干。