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Unit 22 A tale of two cities 一、教学目标与要求 通过本单元阅读课文的教学，学生了解英国著名作家狄更斯所著的《双城 记》中的一个片断。弄清故事中人物之间的关系和该故事在时空上的跨越、闪回。 学生把握小说以法国大革命为背景，以曼奈特医生的亲身经历为主线，揭露封 建贵族迫害农民和大革命必将到来的这一主体思想。学生应在理解课文的基础上 用较为流利的英语简述故事中人物之间的关系，讲述故事的主要情节；学习并 初步掌握现在分词作定语和状语的用法；正确完成练习册安排的练习。 二、教学重点与难点 1．重点词汇 tale；disturb；mental；fortune；arrival；strength；attend； suffer；eager；let...in；have a test；in peace；fall in love with；make sure of； suffer from；in public；set fire to；do wrong；sentence...to death；do a good dead 2．重要句型 1） Dr Manette had been put in prison so that he would keep silent over this matter．2） The poor of the cities and the peasants in the country， having lived such a hard life for so long，took up their guns and knives and began to kill the rich nobles． 3．语法 现在分词作定语和状语（The－ing Form as Attribute and Adverbial） 1） an in-teresting tale 2）Charles Darnay left France，preferring to give up his fortune．3）The poor of the cities，having lived such a hard life，took up their guns．4） Having plenty of money，Charles was able to travel at once． 4．日常交际用语 猜测（Conjecture）1） The guards couldn’t have been watching very carefully． 2） You must have been mad to speak to the servant．She might have called for help．3） You might both have been caught and killed！ 三、课型 （一）对话课 Ⅰ．教具 录音机、投影仪。 Ⅱ．课堂教学设计 教师通过以下步骤导入本课： 1．要求学生看图，并向学生提出下列问题： 1） What can you see in the picture？ 2） Now look at the picture carefully． Can you see anything unusual inside the cart？ Do you think it strange？ 2．准备放对话录音。借助投影片打出以下听前提问：1）Where did the revolutionary wait？2）Who opened the door and what did this person want to do？ 放录音一至两遍，请学生回答上述问题，教师予以必要订正。 Key：1）The revolutionary waited by the kitchen door． 2）A servant opened the door，for she wanted to fetch some wood． 根据本课对话内容，教师再提出一些问题，检查学生的理解程度。 1）How did the revolutionary get into the castle？2）Why was it very easy for the revolu－tionary to stay hidden？3）What did the revolutionary explain to the servant？4）What did the revolutionary want to do？5）Why did the revolutionary say that the servant was a hero？ Key：1）The revolutionary had hit in a farmer’s cart which was taking vegetables into the castle．In this way she managed to get into the castle．2）Since it was not light，it was easy for the revolutionary to stay hidden．3）She explained to the servant that the rich were the enemies of the people of France．4）The revolutionary wanted to ask the servant to help her light a fire that could be seen for many miles．5）（Let the students discuss this question and ask them to give the explanation．They may have different ideas．What we teachers want is that they can express themselves clearly．） 3．再次放对话录音，学生跟读。将学生分为两人一组练习对话。经数分钟练 习后，请两三组同学到前面表演，教师予以讲评。 教师指导学生归纳本课中有关猜测（Conjecture）的常用语句（见日常交际 用语部分）。也可为学生设计一些“问题”，启发同学运用这部分语言。 4．教师提供如下情景，启发同学运用这部分语言编演新的对话： Situation 1：Suppose one is the guard，standing at the gateway of the castle； the other is the driver of the cart．The driver wants to get into the castle．Make a dialogue between them． Situation 2；Suppose one is the revolutionary．The other is the servant．Make a dialogue between them from the moment the servant opens the door and finds the revolutionary． 可要求学生任选一个对话情景。数分钟后，分别请几组同学到前面表演。 5．布置作业 1）预习第 86课；2）完成练习册中安排的练习。 （二）阅读理解课（Ⅰ） Ⅰ．教具 录音机、投影仪。 Ⅱ．课堂教学设计 1．检查生词及短语。 2．向学生提出下列问题： 1）Has anyone in our class ever read the works by Charles Dick－ens in Chinese before？If so，what book is it？2）Has anyone read the novel“A Tale of Two Cities”？3）The passage we are going to read today is from this novel．Now I’ll introduce the main characters to you． 3．准备阅读课文，将主要人物给出，要求学生弄清他们之间的关系： 1）Dr．Manette A．the owner of a wine shop in Paris，a farmer servant to Dr．Manette 2）Lucie B．a friend of Charles who also loved Lucie 3）Charles Darnay C．an old man who had been kept in prison for long years 4）Monsieur Defarge D．Lucie’s husband 5）Sydney Carton E．Dr．Manette’s daughter 教师给学生十分钟，要求学生快速阅读课文，之后请同学讲述故事中主要 人物的关系。 Key：1）C 2）E 3）D 4）A 5）B 4．放课文录音，学生跟读一至两遍。教师就课文内容提问，检查学生的理 解程度： 1）Why did Lucie Manette call at a wine shop one day？2）What’s the relation between Monsieur Defarge and Dr．Manette？3）What happened to Lucie when she was a baby？4）What happened to her father？5）Where did Lucie grow up？6）Where was Dr．Manette kept as a prisoner？7）What did Dr．Manette do when he was in prison？8）How was he when he was set free？9）What happened to Lucie after her father returned to England？10）Who did Lucie marry？11）What did Sydney promise to do for her？12）Why did Charles Darnay leave France to live in England？ Key：1）Because she had got the news that her father，Dr．Manette was alive and still living in Paris．2）Monsieur Defarge had been a servant to Dr．Manette before．3）When Lu－cie was a baby her mother had died．4）Her father had disappeared a short time before her mother’s death and nobody knew what had happened to him．5）She was brought to England and grew up there．6）Dr．Manette was kept a prison in the Bastille．7）He worked at making shoes in prison．8）He had been mentally disturbed by his long years alone in prison and he could not live in peace unless his door was locked．9）Two men fell in love with Lucie after her father returned to England．10）She married Charles Darnay．11）Sydney promised that he would always do anything he could for Lucie to make sure of her happiness．12）Because he hated the cruel deeds of the French nobles and the way they treated the peasants． 5．组织学生做课本上的Notes和 Story telling中所设计的相关练习，进一步 熟悉课文。 6．布置作业 1）将 Story telling中各句连在一起，复述课文；2）完成练 习册中所安排的练习。 阅读理解课（Ⅱ） Ⅰ．教具 录音机、投影仪 Ⅱ．课堂教学设计 1．检查学生课文朗读和复述。 2．准备阅读课文第二部分。教师给出读前提问：1）Why did Charles Darnay return to Paris from London？2）Why was Dr．Manette allowed to visit Charles in prison？ 教师给学生数分钟，要求学生快速阅读课文，之后请同学回答上述问题。 Key：1）He returned to Paris from England because he wanted to rescue a servant of the family．2）He was allowed to visit Charles in prison because he had been a prisoner before and was a hero of the revolutionaries． 3．放课文录音，学生跟读一至两遍。 教师用投影仪打出以下 statements，要求学生判断其正误。并对错误的 statements进行修改。下列 statements涉及两课内容。 1）Monsieur Defarge，the owner of the wine shop in Paris，used to be a servant to Dr Manette．2）Lucie，together with an Englishman，had come to Paris because she had learnt that a servant of hers had been put in prison．3）The Marquis St．Evremonde and his brother had put Dr Manette into prison，for they did not want him to tell what they had done to a young peasant and his sister to other peoople．4）While Dr Manette was in prison，he could not live in peace unless his door was locked．5）Dr Manette’s mental health and strength gradually got better in Paris．6）Charles Darnay was the nephew of the cruel Marquis St．Evremonde．He had left France because he wanted to marry Lucie．7）Charles Darnay left for France because he wanted to rescue a servant of his family．8）A letter written by Dr Manette was found in the Bastille．In the letter he described the terrible things that the Marquis St．Evremonde and his brother had done to the peasant boy and his sister many years before．9）Charles was sentenced to death because he was a member of the St．Evremonde family that had done much wrong．10）Charles asked Sydney to rescue him by changing clothes with him． Key：1）True．2）False．（…because she had heard that her father was still alive andwas living in Paris．） 3）True．4）False．（After Dr．Manette was set free，he could not live in peace unless his door was locked，for he had been mentally disturbed by his long years alone in prison．） 5）False．（Lucie and her friend brought Dr．Manette back to England and it was there that his mental health and strength gradually got better．） 6）False．（He had left France because he hated the cruel deeds of the French nobles and the way they treated the peasants．）7）True．8）True．9）True．10）False．（Sydney persuaded Charles to change clothes with him without giving a reason．in this way he was able to take the place of his friend．） 4．讨论题 1）Why do you think that Dr．Manette wrote a letter and hid it behind a stone in his little room while he was in prison？2）What do you think of Sydney Carton？If you were Sydney Carton，what would you do？Would you try your best to rescue Charles Darnay or would you rather do something else？ 学生先在小组内讨论。数分钟后，学生在班上交流。教师不必规定答案，鼓 励学生积极发表自己的看法。 5．布置作业 1）将两课内容结合，讲述这个故事；2）完成练习册中所 安排的练习。 （三）语言训练课 Ⅰ．教具 投影仪。 Ⅱ．课堂教学设计 1．教师检查课文复述。 2．教师从本单元词语中选择部分常用词语，配以例句介绍给学生。要求学 生反复练习这些例句，并请同学造句，教师予以讲评、订正。 1）disturb May I disturb you for a moment？ I’m sorry to disturb you so early． 2）let in Will you please open the window and let in some fresh air？ The roof lets in the rain． 3）fortune You can imagine how pleased I was at such a piece of good fortune． Tom received a large fortune when his uncle died． 4）keep silent When the physics teacher asked the boys who could work out the problem on the black－board，all of them kept silent． 5）make sure of Have you made sure of the times of the trains？ Arrive early at the cinema to make sure of getting a seat． 6）suffer He looked very pale and seemed to have suffered a great deal． At that time the children suffered a great deal of hunger and cold． 7）in public He doesn’t like to speak in public． 8）do wrong I hope you will never do wrong． You did wrong to refuse his demands． 3．分角色复述课文。 教师要求学生描述本篇故事中的主要角色。 Ask the students to write about the characters in the story one by one，using the infor－mation from the reading comprehension． 1）the young peasant and his sister 2）Dr Manette 3）The Marquis St．Evremonde 4）Lucie Manette 5）Charles Darnay 6）Sydney Carton 7）Monsieur Defarge 8）Madame De－farge Model： the young peasant and his sister The young peasant had been wounded in a fight and died later．His sister had been badly treated by the Marquis St．Evremonde and his brother and died within a few hours of her brother’s death． Dr Manette He was the father of Lucie．One day he was called to attend the young peasant and his sister．But after the death of the two，he was put in prison by the Marquis St．Evremonde and his brother so that he would keep silent over the matter．Many years later he was set free．Then he was brought to England where his mental health and strength gradually got better． the Marquis St．Evremonde He and his brother were cruel French nobles；they treated the peasants very badly．They killed a young peasant and his sister，put Dr Manette into the Bastille． Lucie Manette She was the daughter of Dr Manette．Her mother died when she was a baby．She was brought up in England．She managed to find her father in Paris and brought him back to England and attended her father carefully．Later she married Charles Darnay． Charles Darnay He was the nephew of the cruel Marquis St．Evremonde．He had left France because he hated the cruel deeds of the French nobles and the way they treated the peasants．He pre－ferred to give up the fortune that would one day come to him，and went to live in England．He fell in love with Lucie Manette and married her．During the French Revolution he was put in prison in Paris and was sentenced to death because he had been a member of the St．Evremonde family．But he was rescued by his friend Sydney and left Paris withl Lucie and Dr Manette． Sydney Carton He was a single man．He looked like Charles Darnay very much and also fell in love with Lucie．He promised her that he would do anything he could for her to make sure of her hap－piness．He managed to get into the prison to visit Charles and changed clothes with him．He had his head cut off，but Charles was saved．He carried out the promise he had made to Lu－cie many years before． Monsieur Defarge He was the owner of the wine shop in Paris．During the French Revolution， he became one of the leaders．He found a letter in the Bastille．The letter had been written by Dr Manette and had been hidden behind a stone in the little room where he was kept a prisoner． Madame Defarge She was the sister of the peasant boy and the girl who had been so badly treated by the St．Evremonde brothers．She was one of those who were eager to have Charles sentenced to death． 可将学生分为几个小组，每个小组描述一个角色。七八分钟后，请几位同学 复述，教师予以讲评。 4．布置作业 1）预习第 23单元；2）完成练习册中安排的练习。 四、难句分析 1．The guards couldn’t have been watching very carefully．卫兵不可能一直 进行严密的监视。 句中谓语 couldn’t have been watching是带有情态动词 couldn’t的现在完 成进行时的结构，表示“不可能一直进行监视”的意思。 can’t/couldn’t用来表示揣测，后跟不定式的完成进行式 （can’t/couldn’t＋have been＋－ing），表示“想必不可能一直在进行”的意 思。例如： Tom walked straight into the wall．He can’t have been looking where he was going．汤姆走路时一头撞在墙上，想必他没看着路。 It’s very late now．Jack can’t have been waiting at the bus stop．现在很晚 了，杰克不可能一直在车站上等着。 All the lights were out．They couldn’t have been working in the factory．所 有的灯都灭了，他们不可能一直在厂里工作。 can’t/couldn’t后面还常接不定式的完成式，意为：（过去）不可能……。 例如： They can’t have gone out because the light is on！他们不可能出去，因为灯 还亮着。 You couldn’t have seen him yesterday．He went to Japan last week and won’t be back until next month．你昨天不可能见到他。他上周去日本了，直到 下个月才回来。 2．You must have been mad to speak to the servant！She might have called for help．你跟那个仆人讲话，准是发疯了！她可能大喊“救命”的呀。 must have been中的must表示揣测，作“一定是”、“准是”、“想必是” 解。must后跟不带 to的不定式（动词原形），表示对现在发生的事的推测； must后跟不定式的完成式，表示对过去发生的事的推测。例如： There’s the doorbell．It must be Roger．门铃响了。一定是罗杰。（对现在的 推测） —We went to Kunming last month．我们上个月到昆明去了。 —That must have been nice．那一定很有意思。（对过去的推测） 注意，这种表示推测的否定形式要用 can’t+动词原形（表现在）； can’t/couldn’t+完成式（表过去）。例如： —Look at the man over there．I think it is Professor Wang． 看那边的那个人，我想他是王教授。 —No，it can’t be him．He is much taller． 不，不可能是他，他要高得多。 关于 can’t/couldn’t+完成式表示“不可能……”，请参阅本单元难句分 析 1。 might have called for help中的might表示“可能”、“或许”后跟不定式的 完成式，是一种虚拟语气的用法，表示“本来可能……”、“简直可以……”， 但事实上并没有这样。She might have called for help．她本来可能呼救的。（事实 上并未呼救）再如： You were stupid to try climbing up there．You might have killed yourself．你试 图在那儿攀登真是愚蠢，你也许会摔死的。（事实上并未摔死） I still think I might have won the match．我仍然认为我本来可以赢得这场本 赛的。（但事实上输掉了） 3．They had come from England，having heard the strange news that Dr Manette，Lucie’s father，was alive and was livins in Paris．他们从英国来是因为 听到一个奇怪的消息——露西的父亲曼奈特医生仍然活着，而且还住在巴黎。 having heard the strange news是现在分词的完成式，作表示原因的状语，相 当于一个状语从句（as they had heard the strange news）。在这个短语后紧跟一个 由 that引导的同位语从句：that Dr Manette…in Paris． －ing的完成式是由“having+过去分词”构成，它所表示的动作发生在谓 语动词所表示的动作之前。例如： Having finished his work，he went home．（＝After he had finished his work，he went home．）他干完工作就回家了。 She felt very sad，having learned the death of her mother．（=She felt very sad，as she had learned the death of her mother．）她得知母亲去世的消息，感到 很悲伤。 本单元还有一句，使用了相似的结构，但其现在分词短语是以完成被动式 出现的： Dr Manette，having been kept a prisoner in the Bastille，Paris’s most important prison，for many years，had recently been set free…曼奈特医生被关在 巴黎最重要的监狱——巴士底监狱许多年之后，最近获释了……。 句中 having been kept…for many years，相当于一个表示时间的状语从句： after he had been kept…for many years。 4．Some time later，Charles Darnay found at a bank in London a letter from France ad－dressed to him，or rather to the Marquis St．Evremonde，for his father and uncle were now dead．不久以后，查尔斯·达尼在伦敦一家银行发现一封法国 来信，信是写给他的，或者更确切地说，是写给埃弗雷蒙侯爵的，因为那时他 的父亲和叔父都已经死了。 1）address作名词时，意为：地址；作动词时，意为：在信上写姓名地址。 本句中的 addressed to him是过去分词短语，作定语，修饰前面的名词 letter。例 如： The letter is wronglv addressed．这封信地址写错了。 This package is not addressed to me．这包裹不是寄给我的。 2）or rather意为：更确切地说，常用来纠正已经说过的话，使之更加确切。 例如： We got home late last night，or rather，early this morning．我们昨晚很晚才 回家，更确切地说，是今天凌晨到家的。 He is an English teacher，or rather，a professor of English．他是 英语老师，更确切地说，是（大学）英语教授。