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Unit 16 The sea 一、教学目标与要求 了解海洋方面的有关知识，以及海洋中生物的概况，学习并初步掌握省略 的用法，是本单元的教学重点。学生通过对课文的学习，应对海洋有进一步的了 解。用自己组织的语言，较为流利地介绍诸如地中海、死海以及珊瑚和海洋中某 些鱼类的情况；通过对话课的学习与操练，学生进一步巩固表示愿望的用语； 学习并初步掌握有关省略的用法；正确完成练习册安排的练习。 二、教学重点与难点 1．重点词汇 bathe；cycle；salty；surface；various；variety；float；occur； beg；trea-sure；voyage；do well；make up one’s mind；come up；on average； leave out；cubic metre；at a time；beg one’s pardon；cross out 2．重要句型 1）Seen from space，the earth looks blue．2）Besides，you will not find coral near the mouths of rivers either because the river water has too much soil in it or be-cause it is polluted． 3．语法 省略（Ellipsis）1）She can hold her breath longer than I can（hold my breath）．2）Coral is not a plant but（it is）a variety of animal life．3）beg your pardon？4）Haven’t seen you for ages．5）Sorry to hear that．6）This way，please．7）Sounds fine to me．8）Terrible weather！9）Have you ever been to the seaside？No，we can’t afford to．10）Don’t tell me the name of the sailor if you don’t want to． 4．日常交际用语 表示愿望（Expressing wishes）1）I wish we could go to the seaside today．Pity we live so far from the sea．2）I wish the weather were better．3）I wish we were on holiday．4）I wish we could go swimming． 三、课型 （一）对话课 Ⅰ．教具 录音机、投影仪。 Ⅱ．课堂教学设计 1．向学生提出下列问题：1） Do you like swimming？2）How many of you can swim in this class？提问几位能游泳的学生：3）If you want to swim，where do you go？4）Have you ever swum in the sea？5）Do you think swimming in the is exciting？Is it dangerous？6）I’d like to ask those who can’t swim at present one question：Do you want to learn swim-ming？Why/Why not？ 2．准备放对话录音。借助投影片打出以下听前提问：1） Can Bruce go to the seaside with his friend today？How do you know？Please explain．2）Where did Bruce and his family spend their holidays last August？放录音一至两遍，请学 生回答上述问题，教师予以必要订正。 Key：1）Bruce can’t go to the seaside with his friend today．Because they live so far from the sea．2）They spent their holidays on the beach last August． 3．再次放对话录音，学生跟读。根据本课对话内容，教师再提出一些问题， 检查学生的理解程度。 1）Please explain the meaning of the sentence：We had a lovely holiday，one of the best ever．2）What information do you know about Li Qun’s cousin？ 3）What is Li Qun going to do when he leaves school？4）Please explain the meaning of the sentence：I’ll time you． Key：1）The holiday we had last August is one of the best we have ever had so far．2）He is a sailor．He’s doing very well in the navy and sometimes sends Li Qun interesting post-cards from the ports where the ship stops．3）He hasn’t decided yet．4）In this dialogue it means that I’ll look at the watch and see how long you can hold your breath underwater． 4．将学生分为两人一组练习对话。数分钟后，请两三组同学到前面表演， 教师予以讲评。 5．教师指导学生归纳本课中有关表示愿望（Expressing wishes）的常用语 句（见日常交际用语部分）。要求学生能熟练掌握这些语句，并在编练新的对话 时加以运用。 教师提供如下情景，组织学生两人一组编演新的对话： Situation 1：A famous pop star is going to give a concert soon．You like this star very much and want to hear him a great deal．But the question is that you don’t have enough money for the ticket．You are talking with your friend and expressing the strong wish to go to the concert． Situation 2：Your father works abroad．You haven’t seen him for quite a few years．You are talking with your mother，saying that you miss him very much and want to go and see him．But your mother is busy and she can’t take you there．Besides，you have to study and you are afraid to fall behind．Make a dialogue． 学生也可以自己设计情景，编演新的对话。数分钟后，请一两组同学到前面 表演，教师予以讲评。 6．布置作业 1）预习第 62课；2）完成练习册中安排的练习。 （二）阅读理解课（Ⅰ） Ⅰ．教具 录音机、投影仪、地球仪（可用世界地图代替）。 Ⅱ．课堂教学设计 1．检查生词及短语。 2．利用准备好的地球仪，向学生提出以下问题，展开讨论，引出本课话题： Now look at this globe．It stands for the earth we live on．Now please take a close look at the globe，you will find most part of the globe is blue．Why is that？ Yes．Because two thirds of the earth’s surface is made up of oceans．Now can you tell me some of the oceans in English？ （Go over the names of the oceans that the students know：the Atlantic Ocean；the pa-cific Ocean；the Indian Ocean．Then tell the students we also have the Arctic Ocean．） Now tell me，when we talk about the sea，what do you already know about it？ 板书学生所提及的内容。 OK．It seems to me that you have already known a lot about the sea．Next，we’ll go over the reading passage and I’m sure you’ll learn more about the sea． 3．准备阅读课文，教师给出读前提问：1）How does seawater stay clean？ 2）Where is the longest coral bed in the world？ 教师给学生数分钟，要求学生快速阅读课文，之后请同学回答上述问题。 Key：1）Seaweeds can produce various chemicals that help keep the seawater clean．2）The longest coral bed in the world lies off the northeast coast of Australia． 4．放课文录音，学生跟读一至两遍。 教师用投影仪打出以下 statements，要求学生判断其正误，并对错误的 statements进行修改。 1）The earth looks blue from the space because it is so far away．2）Only a few people have seen much of the earth’s solid surface before．3）Altogether there are eleven minerals that make up the salt water of the oceans．4）Chemicals produced by seaweeds help keep the seawater clean．5）The surface water of the Mediterranean in summer can reach up to 25℃ or even 29℃ because the weather is very hot．6）According to the passage，if the sea loses a lot of water to the air，there might be fewer parts of salt per thousand of water．7）Coral beds can be seen everywhere in the sea all over the world．8）Corals must live in clean water and dirty water will kill them． Key：1） False．（The earth looks blue from the space because two thirds of the earth’s surface is made up of vast oceans．）2）False．（Since much of the earth’s solid surface lies be-low the sea，little of it has been seen by humans．）3） False．（Altogether there are 12 miner-als that make up the salt water of the oceans，including salt．）4）True．5）True．6）False．（Take the Mediterranean for example，there are between 37 and 39 parts of salt per thou-sand parts of water as the sea loses a lot of water to the air．）7）False．（Coral beds can be found where the sea is not deep and the water temperature must not fall below 20℃．8）True． 5．阅读 Salt lakes of the world，并回答以下问题： 1）What is the most famous salt lake in the world and where is it？2） Why dose the lake become so salty？3）Which is the saltiest lake in the world？4）Can you give an example to show how salty the Dead Sea is？5）What has made the Dead Sea so salty？6）Why is it called the Dead Sea？ Key：1）The most famous salt lake in the world is the Dead Sea and it is in the Middle East．2）The lake becomes so salty because water is lost into the air as a result of the heat of the sun，and the salt stays in the lake．3）The saltiest lake in the world is the Great Salt Lake in the USA．4）The water of the Dead Sea contains about 250 parts of salt to every thousand parts of water．And it is difficult to swim or dive，as your body always floats on the surface．5）The minerals that make the Dead Sea so salty are partly supplied by hundreds of natural springs which flow into the Desd Sea，and partly by the River Jordan．6）It is called the Dead Sea because very few things can live in such salty water． 6．布置作业 1）复述课文，介绍地中海、死海以及珊瑚的情况；2）完成 练习册中所安排的练习。 阅读理解课（Ⅱ） Ⅰ．教具 录音机、投影仪。 Ⅱ．课堂教学设计 1．检查学生课文朗读和复述。 2．准备阅读课文 Life in the oceans，教师给出读前提问：1）Where does the squid live？2）What is the length of the sperm whale in general？教师给学生数分 钟，要求学生快速阅读课文，之后请同学回答上述问题。 Key：1）The squid lives in the dark at a great depth at the bottom of the ocean．2）The length of the sperm whale is over 18 metres． 3．放课文录音，学生跟读一至两遍。教师就课文内容提问，检查学生的理 解程度：1）Why can fish live in the cold oceans around the Antarctica？2）How much does a whale eat at a time？3）Do all the whales feed on small fish？4）How deep can a sperm whale dive？And how does the sperm whale manage to do this？ 5）How does the sperm whale find food at the bot-tom of the ocean where it is completely dark？ Key：1）Fish can live in the cold oceans around the Antarctica because their blood con-tains a particular chemical．2）A whale may eat a ton of the small fish at a time．3）No．A type of whale called the sperm whale feeds on the squid．4）A sperm whale can dive to a depth of 1000 metres．When the sperm whale dives，its heart slows to half its normal speed．By doing this the sperm whale can hold its breath for a longer time．5）The sperm whale uses sound waves to find food at the bottom of the ocean where it is completely dark． 4．教师用投影仪打出以下表格，学生利用本单元课文中所提供的信息填写 表格，从而加深对本单元内容的理解。 Say something about the sea using the information collected from the reading comprehen-sion． （斜体部分为参考答案，可不向学生展示） 数分钟后，请几位同学根据所填写内容讲述，教师予以讲评，鼓励学生将 自己整理的内容连成短文。 5．布置作业 1）将两课内容结合，复述课文。介绍诸如地中海、死海以及 珊瑚和海洋中某些鱼类的情况；2）完成练习册中所安排的练习。 （三）语言训练课 Ⅰ．教具 投影仪。 Ⅱ．课堂教学设计 1．教师检查课文复述。 2．教师从本单元词语中选择部分常用词语，配以例句介绍给学生。要求学 生反复练习这些例句，并请同学造句，教师予以讲评、订正。 1）occur I’m so sorry that this has occurred． Didn’t it occur to you to close the windows？ It suddenly occurred to me that I had seen this man somewhere before． 2）come up The question of drug-taking is to come up at the next conference． The seeds haven’t come up yet． Christmas is coming up soon． 3）make up one’s mind Have you made up your mind to do what l’ve told you？ They have made up their minds to go to the country after they graduate． He made up his mind that his son must have a tutor． 4）various/variety The job was very difficult for various reasons． Life at school has plenty of variety． He had a variety of interests which made him popular with his students． 5）on average On average the headmaster’s office receives 5 letters everyday． On the average，in Latin American countries，there are only from one-tenth to one-fourth as many doctors as there are in the United States． 6）at a time We can not do two things at a time． You may ask questions．But please remember：you can ask only one question at a time． 7）leave out You’ve made a spelling mistake；you’ve left out the letter“t”． They gave each person a number，but they left out No．13 as no one wanted to have it． 8）cross out Will you please cross out the last sentence and put this in instead？ These words have been crossed out．Otherwise，the sentence would have been too long． 9）voyage n．/v． The ship set out on a long voyage． They spent a year voyaging around the world． 3．书面表达 中文提示（用投影片打出）：一天，李磊和同学到海边游泳，人很多，大 多数人都游得不错：潜水，使用各种姿势（swimming stroke）有人还能在水下 屏气两分钟。李磊初学，只在水深约一米的地方练习。他让同学为他测一下水下 屏气的时间，结果只有 15秒，他请大家教他学会游泳。 英文提示（用投影片打出）：the other day；seaside；beach；dive； various；depth；at a time；merely；hold one’s breath；come up for breath；beg 将首句给出：The other day，Li Lei and his classmates went to the seaside． 七八分钟后，请几位同学朗读自己的短文，教师予以讲评。 Model： The other day，Li Lei and his classmates went to the seaside．It was very crowded on the beach．Most of his classmates could swim very well．Theydived，and swam in various swimming strokes．Some of them could even hold their breath underwater for two minutes at a time．Li Lei was a beginner．He stayed at the place where the sea water was under the depth of one metre．He asked his classmate to time him while he held his head underwater．But after merely 15 seconds he had to come up for breath．He begged his classmates to teach him how to swim． 4．布置作业 1）预习第 17单元；2）完成练习册中安排的练习。 四、难句分析 1．I wish we could go to the seaside today．但愿今天能去海边就好了。 I wish是表示“愿望”的用语，在wish后跟宾语从句。这个句型所表示的是 一种不可能实现的愿望，译作“但愿……就好了”，在宾语从句中要用虚拟语 气，从句中的谓语动词要用过去式（如本句中的 could go）；如果谓语动词是 be，则不论主语人称如何，谓语动词都用were。例如： I wish I could fly to the moon．（=It’s a pity I cannot fly to the moon．）但 愿我（现在）能飞上月球就好了。（遗憾的是我不能飞上月球。） I wish I were a bird．（But in fact I’m not a bird．）我希望我是只鸟就好了。 （但事实上我不是鸟。） I wish I had the professor’s telephone number．（I’m sorry I don’t have the professor’s telephone number．）要是我有教授的电话号码就好了。（很遗憾 我没有教授的电话号码。） 2．Seen from space，the earth looks blue．从太空望去，地球看上去是蓝色 的。 这句话可以理解为：If you look at the earth from space，it will appear blue． seen from space是过去分词短语作状语，请参阅第 15单元难句分析部分。 3．Little of the earth’s solid surface has been seen by humans，as much of it lies below the sea．人们只看到地球固体表面很少一部分，因为大部分的地球表 面处于海下。 可以将全句理解为： People have seen only a small part of the earth’s solid surface since the most part of it is covered by the sea． 原句中 as是连词，表示原因或理由，引导状语从句。关于 as，because，since及 for在引导原因状语从句时的区别，请参阅第 5单元中的 难句分析。 humans是 human的复数形式。human不仅能作名词，还常用作形容词，意 为：有关人的。例如： That was the beginning of human life．那是人类生活的开始。 在作名词表“人类”时，常用复数形式；其单数形式可表示抽象的“人”。 例如： Wolves will not usually attack humans．狼不总是攻击人类的。 The point is，that a human tells the machine what to do，when to do it and how it is done．要点是，人操纵机器做什么，何时做和怎样去做。 4．It takes 80 years for Mediterranean water to be changed with Atlantic water，as there is only one narrow entrance where the Mediterranean meets the Atlantic．由于地中海与大西洋会合处只有一个狭窄的进口，所以地中海的水需 要 80年才能同大西洋的水交换一次。 the Mediterranean=the Mediterranean Sea（地中海）。在海、河、海洋等名词前 一般要加定冠词。例如：the Yangtse River（长江），the Dead Sea（死海），the Atlantic Ocean（大西洋）等。但当其作定语用时，则可不用定冠词，如本句中的 Mediterranean water（地中海里的水），Atlantic water（大西洋里的水）。 5．When it dives，its heart slows to half its normal speed．当它潜水时，它的 心跳速度就减慢到正常心速的一半。 句中 slow为动词，作“减慢”、“使……缓慢”（to become/make slower） 解。例如： Slow down before you reach the crossroads．在你到达十字路口以前就应该减 速。 The train slowed its speed as it came near to the station．火车驶近车站时就放 慢了速度。 The thick snow slowed our progress．大雪使我们前进的速度减慢了。 在英语中，有的形容词可以转化为动词，如本句中的 slow。这种现象称为词 的转化。我们已经见到大量的实例，现仅举几例： Let me have a try．我来试一试。（动词转化为名词） Have you booked your ticket？你的票订好了吗？（名词转化为动词） We began to march north．我们开始向北进军。（名词转化成副词） 经常小结这些词的转化，有利于掌握词汇，相当于扩大了一个人的词汇量。