节目资讯
刊物:空中英语教室
日期:2013-06-26
难易度:High
关键字:clump, donor, compatible, rational, transfusion, physiology
Hello, and welcome to Studio Classroom.
My name is Gabe.
And my name is Carolyn.
And thank you for joining us for our lesson today.
It's about blood types, and this is a life-saving discovery.
We're going to be learning all about blood types.
Well, I do wonder if you know what your blood type is.
Many people do.
Do you know what your blood type is?
And how important is it to know your blood type?
Carolyn?
Well, I do know my blood type.
I am A positive.
Mmhm.
Which is also the same as my mother's, which is good to know in case of an
emergency.
It's good to know your blood type so that if you have to go to the hospital and
you need blood,
or maybe you want to donate blood, you know already who you can give it to.
OK. That sounds pretty important.
Carolyn, um, I don't know my blood type.
How can I figure out what my blood type is?
Well, you might ask your parents because it could be on your birth certificate.
OK.
Or you could just go to the hospital and have them do a very simple blood test.
Oh, no... No... I'm... I'm afraid of blood, Carolyn.
I don't think I can do that.
Well, I mean, if you need someone to go with you, maybe I could cover your eyes
and... and you won't have to watch.
OK. That sounds good.
I... don't know how I'm going to make it through today's lesson.
I don't like talking about blood too much.
But I agree this is important to talk about, and we have many things to learn
here today.
So let's get started with the first reading of today's lesson about blood types.
(Music).
Blood Types: A Life-saving Discovery.
How one scientist changed the way the world saw blood - and won a Nobel Prize.
For centuries, scientists experimented with transferring blood between people -
usually with fatal results.
In their experiments, they noticed that sometimes during blood transfusions the
red blood cells clumped together causing a toxic reaction.
In the early 20th century, Austrian scientist Karl Landsteiner discovered this
was caused by a reaction to the donor's blood.
He categorized people into four blood groups - A, B, AB and O - based on the
proteins in their blood.
Receiving blood from a donor whose blood type was not compatible would hurt or
kill a patient.
For this discovery, Landsteiner received the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine.
(Music).
It is interesting to learn about the history of blood types.
And today we're not really talking about blood but their different types,
putting them into categories.
At the very beginning we see that this is how one scientist changed the way the
world saw blood - and won a Nobel Prize.
So one man... or one scientist changed the way the world saw blood.
And there is a really great phrase just in that introduction: the way something
saw something else.
That's right.
Let's look at that, Gabe.
That's right, the way that the world saw blood.
That means... that doesn't mean that the world is looking at blood.
But this just means the way that we perceive it, or the way we understand this.
So you could use this phrase in other ways.
Maybe you've heard of Galileo.
Well, he changed the way the world sees Earth.
People used to think that the sun went around the Earth.
Now we understand the Earth goes around the sun.
He changed the way that we see these things.
That's right.
And it's also important to think about the way students see learning.
How do you see learning?
Do you see it as a fun activity like Jo when she was learning to read and write
Korean?
Is it a game for you, something that you enjoy?
Well, I hope that you see learning and learning English as something that is
very fun.
I do, too.
Well, we find out about this scientist.
He won a Nobel Prize.
That is an excellent prize for anybody to win.
Let's get started.
And the first sentence of this paragraph:
For centuries, scientists experimented with transferring blood between people -
usually with fatal results.
Well, Carolyn, what does that mean to transfer blood?
Well, they would take blood from one person and put it into another person.
This sounds kind of strange, but it's actually something very important.
If you are injured and you lose a lot of blood, then the doctor needs to be able
to put more in you to help save your life.
But these kind of transfers usually had fatal results.
So the patients did not survive.
That's right. They didn't survive.
And we continue.
In their experiments, they noticed that sometimes during blood transfusions the
red blood cells clumped together causing a toxic reaction.
Well, a blood transfusion is kind of like... uh, this transfer, it's kind of
like using one person's blood and giving it to somebody else who needs it.
Yes. And I'm sorry that we are talking about blood like this, Gabe.
I know it is making you very uncomfortable.
But the blood cells did "clump" together; and that is a word from our Word Bank.
So if something clumps together, that means it sticks together in a large
amount.
A lot of times I think of sand at the beach.
If sand gets wet, it will clump together or stick together; and you can hold it.
It doesn't just fall through your fingers.
That's a good way to use that word.
I also think of this word when a lot of people stick together.
For instance, at my university in the United States, there were some people from
Asia who were at the school, and they clumped together.
They didn't really get out and make friends in the United States that spoke
English.
They always spoke their own language with each other, and their English did not
improve.
So if you do that, if you study abroad, make sure you get out and know different
people.
Don't just clump together.
That's right.
Well, these clumps of red blood cells would cause a toxic reaction, and the
patient would die, which is very unfortunate.
However, in our next paragraph we see:
In the early 20th century, Austrian scientist Karl Landsteiner discovered this
was caused by a reaction to the donor's blood.
So he figured out why this was happening.
That's right. Well, let's take a look at that word.
It is "donor," straight from our Word Bank.
And if you are a donor, that means you are giving something uh, freely, really,
you're giving blood.
Actually, sometimes if you donate blood, if you're a donor, you might get paid
for it.
But you are giving something, you're donating your blood.
That's right.
And you can donate many other things.
Some people like to donate their time, or maybe they like to donate money.
They are a donor to an organization.
Or maybe they donate to their church.
They are a donor.
That's right.
Well, we're learning about Karl Landsteiner who actually died 70 years ago
today.
And he categorized people into for blood groups - A, B, AB and O - based on the
proteins in their blood.
Well, how do we continue here, Carolyn?
We see that receiving blood from a donor whose blood type was not compatible
would hurt or kill a patient.
So it was important to have a compatible blood type.
Now if something is compatible, that means that it works together.
They can be used together.
What are things that are compatible, Gabe?
Well, people talk about marrying someone who you're compatible with.
You want to work well together, not get into too many arguments or fights or
whatever.
You want to be compatible with each other.
That's right.
And well, we see: For this discovery, Landsteiner received the 1930 Nobel Prize
in Physiology or Medicine.
So he got a Nobel Prize for this great discovery.
That's right.
Well, it's time for us to learn something different with Steve and Ken in the
Information Cloud right now.
And then we'll join Michelle in the Language Lab.
Many people believe the Nobel Prize is the highest honor one can receive.
Steve, what do you think of that?
Well, the Nobel Prize is certainly very prestigious.
To receive one in any of its categories, whether it'd be Literature, Medicine,
Physics, Chemistry, Peace or Economics, is indeed a high honor.
Now the word we use for recipient of the Nobel Prize is laureate.
Mother Teresa was a Nobel laureate, and so was President Barack Obama.
And as the name indicates, the Nobel Prize was created by Alfred Nobel, a
Swedish chemist who invented dynamite in the late 19th century.
While he made a fortune from his invention, he didn't want to be remembered as
the man who created something people used in war to kill and destroy.
So before he died, he wrote a will specifying that his fortune be used to create
prizes for those who give the greatest benefit to mankind.
So what does a Nobel laureate receive?
A gold medal, a diploma and a sum of money.
And the amount? About US$1.2 million.
(Chinese).
Hi, everyone. I'm Michelle.
(Chinese).